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Related Concept Videos

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Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Automating Citrus Budwood Processing for Downstream Pathogen Detection Through Instrument Engineering
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Functional Cargo in Membrane Vesicles From a Citrus Pathogen.

Gabriel G Araujo1, Matheus M Conforte1, Aline D da Purificação1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Environmental Microbiology Reports
|July 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Xanthomonas citri pv. citri produces outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) rich in nutrients and virulence factors. These OMVs aid in resource sharing and bacterial survival, impacting citrus canker disease progression.

Keywords:
Xanthomonasesterasemembrane vesiclesproteomics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Plant Pathology
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Citrus canker disease is caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri.
  • Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are increasingly recognized for their role in bacterial communication and virulence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the composition and function of OMVs produced by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri.
  • To understand the implications of OMVs in bacterial interactions and plant colonization.

Main Methods:

  • Lipidomic analysis to compare OMV and whole cell lipid composition.
  • Proteomic analysis to identify proteins enriched in OMVs.
  • Elemental analysis to quantify metals within OMVs.
  • Growth assays using OMVs as a sole carbon source.
  • Enzyme activity assays (esterase, protease).

Main Results:

  • Xanthomonas citri pv. citri produces abundant OMVs, sometimes forming tubular structures.
  • OMVs exhibit distinct lipid profiles compared to whole cells, with enriched saturated cardiolipins.
  • OMVs are enriched in TonB-dependent receptors, siderophores, and essential metals (Fe, Zn, Mn).
  • OMVs can serve as a carbon source for bacterial growth and possess esterase and protease activities.

Conclusions:

  • Xanthomonas citri pv. citri OMVs are resource-rich vesicles involved in nutrient sharing.
  • OMV-associated enzymes suggest a role in virulence and phytopathogenesis.
  • These findings highlight the significant role of OMVs in bacterial community interactions and persistence on host plants.