YOLOv8-Scm: an improved model for citrus fruit sunburn identification and classification in complex natural scenes

Citrus ranks among the most widely cultivated and economically vital fruit crops globally, with southern China being a major production area. In recent years, global warming has intensified extreme weather events, such as prolonged high temperature and strong solar radiation, posing increasing risks to citrus production,leading to significant economic losses. Existing identification methods struggle with accuracy and generalization in complex environments, limiting their real-time application. This study presents an improved, lightweight citrus sunburn recognition model, YOLOv8-Scm, based on the YOLOv8n architecture. Three key enhancements are introduced: (1) DSConv module replaces the standard convolution for a more efficient and lightweight design, (2) Global Attention Mechanism (GAM) improves feature extraction for multi-scale and occluded targets, and (3) EIoU loss function enhances detection precision and generalization. The YOLOv8-Scm model achieves improvements of 2.0% in mAP50 and 1.5% in Precision over the original YOLOv8n, with only a slight increase in computational parameters (0.182M). The model's Recall rate decreases minimally by 0.01%. Compared to other models like SSD, Faster R-CNN, YOLOv5n, YOLOv7-tiny, YOLOv8n, and YOLOv10n, YOLOv8-Scm outperforms in mAP50, Precision, and Recall, and is significantly more efficient in terms of computational parameters. Specifically, the model achieves a mAP50 of 92.7%, a Precision of 86.6%, and a Recall of 87.2%. These results validate the model's superior capability in accurately detecting citrus sunburn across diverse and challenging natural scenarios. YOLOv8-Scm enables accurate, real-time citrus sunburn monitoring, providing strong technical support for smart orchard management and practical deployment.