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Related Concept Videos

Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
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Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the...
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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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The actual hypothesis testing begins by considering two hypotheses. They are termed  the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills
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Are Higher-Order Constructs in Evolutionary Psychology Attributable to Omitted Cross-Loading Bias? An Exploratory

George B Richardson1, Daniel G Bates2, Laura E McLaughlin2

  • 1School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. george.richardson@uc.edu.

Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)
|July 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The general factor of personality (GFP) may be an artifact of statistical methods, not a true representation of personality structure. Trait emotional intelligence (TEI) and K-factor show some evidence of global structure, but reliability concerns exist.

Keywords:
Big FiveExploratory structural equation modelingGeneral factor of personalityK-factorOmitted cross-loading biasTrait emotional intelligence

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Global constructs like the general factor of personality (GFP), trait emotional intelligence (TEI), and the K-factor are debated in evolutionary psychology.
  • Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) suggests higher-order factors might arise from methodological biases like omitted cross-loadings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether GFP and TEI are method artifacts.
  • To examine if the K-factor is an artifact.
  • To assess the validity of global personality constructs using advanced statistical methods.

Main Methods:

  • Employed exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor ESEM across three distinct samples (national, teacher, college students).
  • Utilized random-digit-dialing and teacher-reported data for GFP and TEI studies.
  • Analyzed college student data for K-factor artifact examination.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests the general factor of personality (GFP) is likely an artifact due to omitted cross-loading bias.
  • Global K and TEI factors demonstrated robustness even with free estimation of cross-loadings.
  • Model-based reliability for total Mini-K scores was insufficient for practical use.

Conclusions:

  • The general factor of personality (GFP) may not accurately reflect personality structure, potentially being a statistical artifact.
  • Trait emotional intelligence (TEI) scores may be sufficient for use.
  • Researchers are advised to use ESEM for item-level analysis before computing scale scores to avoid bias.