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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study
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Tenure and research trajectories.

Giorgio Tripodi1,2,3,4, Xiang Zheng5, Yifan Qian1,2,3,4

  • 1Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

US academic tenure significantly shapes faculty research, boosting output before tenure and encouraging high-risk, novel work afterward. Post-tenure research trends differ by discipline, with lab-based fields maintaining high output while others decline.

Keywords:
career trajectorycomputational social scienceinnovationscience of sciencetenure

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Area of Science:

  • Academic research
  • Faculty career trajectories
  • Scholarly publishing

Background:

  • Tenure is a critical component of the US academic system.
  • The impact of tenure on faculty research output and career progression is not fully understood.
  • Existing theories suggest tenure may influence research through selection, incentives, or encouraging risk-taking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically investigate the relationship between tenure and faculty research trajectories.
  • To analyze how tenure affects research output, novelty, and impact across different academic disciplines.
  • To provide data-driven insights into the role of tenure in academic careers.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated data from seven sources, covering over 12,000 faculty members across 15 disciplines.
  • Traced individual faculty publication rates and research characteristics over time.
  • Compared research trajectories based on tenure status and disciplinary field.

Main Results:

  • Faculty publication rates increase during the tenure track, peaking before tenure is awarded.
  • Post-tenure research output varies by discipline: high in lab-based fields (e.g., biology, chemistry), declining in non-lab-based fields (e.g., mathematics, sociology).
  • Tenured faculty engage in more novel, high-risk research, though with a potential decrease in citation impact.

Conclusions:

  • Research trajectories are strongly linked to the tenure year.
  • Tenure acts as a significant turning point, influencing both the quantity and nature of academic research.
  • Findings offer an empirical foundation for understanding the tenure system's effects on scientific productivity and innovation.