Electron Beam and X-ray Technologies in Agriculture and Food Processing: A Viable Alternative to Cobalt-60

Ionizing radiation technologies play a vital role in agriculture and food processing, contributing to food safety, shelf-life extension, and facilitating international trade of food commodities. Traditionally, 60Co-based gamma irradiation has been used largely for this purpose. However, concerns over the safety of radioactive sources, limited production capacity for 60Co, cost of the radioisotope, and national security concerns have prompted a shift toward safer and sustainable alternatives. Machine source-based electron beam (eBeam) and x-ray technologies have emerged as viable alternatives to 60Co. These technologies are currently being used in pre-harvest agricultural activities and post-harvest practices such as phytosanitary treatment and food pasteurization. Compared to 60Co, eBeam and x-ray technologies offer better economics, greater throughput, and improved dose control without any concerns of radioactive materials or security concerns. Recent advances in the underlying technologies, equipment design, and energy efficiencies have significantly increased the adoption of eBeam and x-ray technologies on a commercial scale worldwide. There are still lingering challenges, such as the initial high cost of investment; unfamiliarity of the core technology among investors, food industry and government decision makers; and regulatory concerns for revalidation. This review paper explores the current global state of science and technology as it relates to ionizing technologies in agriculture and the food industry. The key hurdles in the adoption of eBeam technology have been identified along with practical solutions for a seamless transition toward viable sustainable technologies.