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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

Published on: July 26, 2013

Rubber arm illusion in octopus.

Sumire Kawashima¹, Yuzuru Ikeda¹

¹Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.

Current Biology : CB

|July 22, 2025

Summary

Octopuses, like humans, possess a sense of body ownership, recognizing their arms as part of themselves. This study demonstrates body ownership in an octopus using the rubber hand illusion.

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Last Updated: Sep 14, 2025

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

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Published on: July 26, 2013

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Published on: March 1, 2017

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research

Published on: September 22, 2021

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Comparative Psychology
Invertebrate Biology

Background:

The sense of body ownership is crucial for self-consciousness.
Body ownership has been observed in humans and some mammals.
Its existence in invertebrates, like octopuses, remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence of body ownership in octopuses.
To determine if invertebrates exhibit a sense of self-recognition in their limbs.

Main Methods:

Utilized the rubber hand illusion paradigm, adapted for octopuses.
Observed octopus behavior and responses to simulated arm stimuli.

Main Results:

Octopuses demonstrated a sense of body ownership of their arms.
The rubber hand illusion was successfully applied to an octopus, an invertebrate.

Conclusions:

The octopus exhibits a sense of body ownership, similar to mammals.
This finding extends the understanding of body ownership beyond vertebrates.