Platinum-based electrocatalysts: advances in synthesis, characterization, and challenges for energy conversion

Electrocatalysts are pivotal in the realms of energy conversion and storage systems, serving as a cornerstone for the advancement of renewable energy technologies. The quest for electrocatalytic materials that combine low cost with high performance and exceptional stability remains paramount to facilitate the widespread adoption and practical implementation of these systems. Despite the extensive exploration of various catalytic materials, platinum (Pt)-based electrocatalysts continue to excel due to their unparalleled comprehensive properties. This review encapsulates the recent advancements in Pt-based electrocatalysts, encompassing their microstructural attributes, catalytic performance, synthesis methodologies, characterization approaches, and application landscapes. Particular emphasis is placed on the critical role of electronic structure and surface characteristics in determining the catalytic activity and selectivity of Pt-based catalysts, delving into how these intrinsic factors influence overall catalytic efficiency. Additionally, this paper explores the impact of diverse synthetic strategies on the fabrication of high-performance Pt-based electrocatalysts and highlights the significance of evolvingin situcharacterization techniques in unveiling the operational mechanisms of these catalysts. Ultimately, this review identifies the prevailing challenges within the field and anticipates potential trajectories for future research, aiming to guide subsequent studies towards overcoming current limitations and advancing the development of next-generation Pt-based electrocatalysts.