Advances in cardiac devices and bioelectronics augmented with artificial intelligence

Diagnostic bioelectronics such as the electrocardiogram have become increasingly prevalent in the management of cardiovascular diseases like atrial fibrillation. While these devices provide meaningful clinical value, their complex and profuse data output requires considerable labour and training from clinicians to diagnose disease. This abundant production of complex data has made diagnostic bioelectronics a prime target for artificial intelligence (AI) integration. AI-integrated diagnostic bioelectronics have already left the clinic as widely prevalent wearable smartwatches equipped with single-lead electrocardiography sensors. Meanwhile, substantial innovation is also taking place at the intersection of other sensing modalities in the form of edge computing. Here, we overview the implementation and embedding of AI into diagnostic bioelectronics of multiple sensing modalities, including electrocardiography, photoplethysmography, echocardiography, and others, and discuss the recent advances made by medical device companies and researchers alike at the interface between the heart and AI.