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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation01:19

The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation

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A postsynaptic neuron usually receives numerous impulses from several other presynaptic neurons. The axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron integrates all these signals and determines the likelihood of firing an action potential.
Sometimes a single EPSP is strong enough to induce an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. However, multiple presynaptic inputs must often create EPSPs around the same time for the postsynaptic neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to fire an action potential....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecular Memristors Consisting of Ion Channel-doped Lipid Membranes
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Voltage-Gated Nanofluidic Synapse with Cation-π Interactions Enabled Ultra-Long-Term Memory.

Xin Peng1, Guoyuan Zhang1, Hao Tian2

  • 1Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, and Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shen zhen 518055, China.

Nano Letters
|July 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We developed a graphene nanofluidic synapse mimicking neural functions. This device exhibits ultra-long-term memory for neuromorphic computing, paving the way for advanced artificial intelligence.

Keywords:
cation−π interactionsgraphene nanochannelnanofluidic synapseultra-long-term memoryvoltage gating

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Ion channels are fundamental to neural information processing.
  • Ionic emulation using ion dynamics offers a pathway for artificial synapses.
  • Existing artificial synapse models often lack long-term memory capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a voltage-gated nanofluidic synapse utilizing graphene channels.
  • To investigate the synaptic plasticity and memory characteristics of the device.
  • To demonstrate the potential for implementing logic operations and neuromorphic computing.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a voltage-gated nanofluidic synapse using atomic-scale graphene channels.
  • Characterization of short- and long-term synaptic plasticity.
  • Analysis of ionic retention mechanisms using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS).
  • Demonstration of synaptic functions like paired-pulse facilitation/depression and spike-timing-dependent plasticity.
  • Implementation of logic operations using multiple synaptic devices.

Main Results:

  • The graphene synapse exhibited both short-term plasticity (transient ionic adsorption) and ultra-long-term plasticity (potentiation and depression > 5 hours).
  • Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy confirmed persistent potassium ion retention within graphene channels via cation-π interactions as the basis for nonvolatile memory.
  • The device successfully mimicked essential synaptic functions including PPF, PPD, and STDP.
  • Logic operations (AND/OR gates) were implemented using an array of these synaptic devices.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene-based nanofluidic synapses offer a promising platform for ionic neuromorphic computing.
  • The demonstrated ultra-long-term memory and multifunctional synaptic behaviors are significant advancements.
  • This technology could lead to more efficient and brain-like artificial intelligence systems.