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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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Four-hour voiding observation: Normative data from term Indian neonates.

R W Thergaonkar1, Vivek Bhat2, Manisha Thakur3

  • 1Consultant (Pediatrics) & Paed Nephrologist, Command Hospital (Eastern Command), Kolkata, India.

Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
|July 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study provides crucial normative data for the four-hour voiding observation test in Indian neonates. These findings aid in assessing bladder function in infants before toilet training.

Keywords:
Four hour voiding observationInterrupted VoidsPost-void residueTerm NeonatesVoided Volume

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Urology
  • Neonatal care

Background:

  • The four-hour voiding observation is a key non-invasive test for infant bladder function.
  • Establishing normative data is essential for accurate clinical interpretation in neonates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generate normative data for the four-hour voiding observation test in term Indian neonates.
  • To provide a benchmark for assessing bladder function in this specific population.

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive study included 102 term Indian neonates (4-14 days old).
  • Four-hour voiding observation involved direct void monitoring, diaper weight analysis, and ultrasonography for post-void residue (PVR).
  • Two formulae were used to calculate PVR within five minutes of voiding.

Main Results:

  • Median voided volume was 15 ml, maximum voided volume (MVV) 16.5 ml, and functional bladder capacity 19.7 ml.
  • Median PVR was 3.2 ml (17.0%), with diuresis at 1.7 ml/kg/hour.
  • Linear regression formulae were derived for MVV and PVR based on diuresis.

Conclusions:

  • Normative data for the four-hour voiding observation study in exclusively breast-fed Indian term neonates have been established.
  • This data serves as a valuable reference for pediatricians and neonatologists.