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Screening and novel diagnostic technologies for melanoma: an update
Jonathan C Hwang1,2,3, Bryan L Peacker2,3,4, Rebecca I Hartman2,3,4
1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Melanoma Management
|July 23, 2025
Summary
Melanoma incidence is rising, but mortality remains stable, suggesting overdiagnosis. Screening may increase early detection but also lead to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatments for melanoma.
Area of Science:
- Dermatology
- Public Health
- Oncology
Background:
- Melanoma incidence has risen significantly in recent decades.
- Melanoma mortality rates have remained relatively stable.
- This discrepancy raises concerns about melanoma overdiagnosis, particularly for melanoma in situ.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review global trends in melanoma incidence and mortality.
- To examine the impact of screening programs on melanoma detection and outcomes.
- To assess the consequences of melanoma overdiagnosis and overdetection.
Main Methods:
- Review of global epidemiological data on melanoma incidence and mortality.
- Analysis of the effects of population-based and risk-directed screening strategies.
- Evaluation of diagnostic tools including dermoscopy, total body photography, and artificial intelligence (AI).
Main Results:
- Increasing melanoma incidence, especially in situ, is noted globally.
- Screening programs can lead to earlier detection but are associated with overdiagnosis.
- Overdiagnosis may result in excess morbidity without significant survival benefits.
Conclusions:
- The stable mortality despite rising incidence suggests a significant component of overdiagnosis in melanoma.
- Further research is essential to optimize screening strategies.
- Integrating advanced diagnostic technologies like AI and dermoscopy into screening requires careful evaluation to improve clinical outcomes.
