Population structure of Anopheles (Kerteszia) bellator in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Malaria, caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, remains a significant global health concern. In 2022, approximately 249 million malaria cases were reported worldwide, including 163,000 in Brazil. In the Atlantic Forest, An. bellator and An. cruzii are the primary vectors of malaria transmission.

This study used a cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) gene fragment to investigate the genetic population structure of An. bellator in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Mosquitoes were collected from Itaparica (BA), Camacan (BA), Ilha Grande (RJ), Antonina (PR), Ilha do Mel (PR), and Florianópolis (SC). They were morphologically identified and individually photographed. DNA was extracted, and a COI gene fragment was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), purified, and sequenced. Additionally, sequences from Trinidad, Colombia, and São Paulo State, obtained from GenBank, were included in the analysis. These sequences were used for molecular identification, genetic variation analysis within and between populations, and phylogenetic assessment.

The analysis revealed that the An. bellator population from Trinidad is genetically distinct from all analysed populations. Furthermore, the Camacan population forms a distinct group separate from the Itaparica population, with both differing from the southern Brazilian populations and that of Colombia. Additionally, the data suggest that the southern Brazilian populations may represent distinct incipient species, particularly the Ilha Grande sample. This divergence is strongly supported by fixed genetic differences, high F ST values, and genealogical analysis.

The findings provide strong evidence of cryptic species within An. bellator, which appears to consist of at least three sibling groups: one from Trinidad and Tobago; An. bellator B, which includes sequences from Camacan; and An. bellator A, which contains sequences from Colombia, Itaparica, Ilha Grande, São Paulo, Florianópolis, Ilha do Mel, and Antonina. Despite its geographical proximity to Camacan (280 km), the Itaparica population clusters with southern populations ~2,000 km away, while remaining genetically distinct from them. Additionally, the study identified higher F ST values between the Ilha Grande population and other southern Brazilian samples, highlighting further genetic divergence.