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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

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Is Hydra Axis Definition a Fluctuation-Based Process Picking Up External Cues?

Mikhail A Zhukovsky1,2, Si-Eun Sung2, Albrecht Ott2

  • 1Institute of Endotypes in Oncology, Metabolism, and Immunology "G. Salvatore" (IEOMI), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.

Journal of Developmental Biology
|July 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydra regeneration uses gene expression fluctuations and mechanical signals to break symmetry and define its body axis. This model explains how axis positioning occurs, even with external cues like temperature gradients.

Keywords:
HydraOlami–Feder–Christensen modelWntavalanche-like dynamicsaxis formationcritical statefractalgene expressionks1power lawregenerationscale-freespatial distributionsymmetry breakingtemperature gradient

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Biology
  • Theoretical Biology

Background:

  • Axis definition is crucial for establishing animal body plans during development and regeneration.
  • The cnidarian Hydra can regenerate its body plan from cell aggregates or tissue fragments.
  • Regeneration involves forming a cellular spheroid, followed by symmetry breaking and de novo axis definition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review theoretical work on Hydra regeneration for a broader scientific audience.
  • To present a model based on gene expression fluctuations and mechanical signaling for axis definition.
  • To connect theoretical findings with experimental observations in Hydra biology.

Main Methods:

  • A theoretical model based on gene expression fluctuations triggered by mechanical signaling.
  • Quantitative reproduction of the ks1 gene expression pattern using a single free parameter.
  • Analysis of Hydra's non-intuitive axis positioning in response to temperature gradients.

Main Results:

  • The model quantitatively reproduces the observed expression pattern of the ks1 gene, a head-forming potential marker.
  • The model explains Hydra's axis positioning behavior in response to weak temperature gradients.
  • The model aligns with experimental findings involving actin organization and mechanical stimulation in axis positioning.

Conclusions:

  • Fluctuation-based symmetry breaking is a plausible mechanism for de novo axis definition in Hydra.
  • The Hydra spheroid is highly sensitive to external perturbations for axis positioning.
  • The theoretical model provides a framework for understanding regeneration and body plan establishment.