VP_AHPND pathogenesis and its mediated immune response in shrimp

Shrimp aquaculture is vital for global seafood production but is severely threatened by diseases like Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). Understanding AHPND-mediated immunity in shrimp requires an integrated approach drawing from various research contexts.This work described here include 1) the pathogenicity of VP_AHPND, PirA^vp, PirB^vp and PirAB^vp toxins, 2) the immune responses of shrimp's main immune organs, the role of miRNAs in regulating immune-related genes against VP_AHPND, heat shock proteins and small GTPases in combating VP_AHPND, 3) current knowledge on shrimp response toward PirA^vp, PirB^vp, and PirAB^vp Toxins, 4) knowledge of the virulence of different Vibrio spps., 5) the differential responses of various crustacean species to V. parahaemolyticus induced AHPND. Despite advances, gaps remain in understanding the molecular pathways and immune evasion strategies of AHPND pathogens. We provide an overview of functional reports on AHPND induced immune response benefits fundamental and applied studies.