Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as SH2...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cutaneous Eruptions and Lifileucel/Interleukin 2 in Individuals With Metastatic Melanoma.

JAMA dermatology·2026

Same author

Characterization of Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infection Incidence, and Mortality in Patients Receiving B-cell Maturation Antigen Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell Therapy.

Transplantation and cellular therapy·2026

Same author

Real-world outcomes for lisocabtagene maraleucel in patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma.

Blood·2026

Same author

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Delayed Engraftment after Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide.

Transplantation and cellular therapy·2026

Same author

Ruxolitinib for ciltacabtagene autoleucel-associated refractory diarrhea.

Blood·2026

Same author

Outcomes of combined bispecific antibody and radiation therapy in relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies.

Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Isolation and Expansion of Cytotoxic Cytokine-induced Killer T Cells for Cancer Treatment

Isolation and Expansion of Cytotoxic Cytokine-induced Killer T Cells for Cancer Treatment

Published on: January 24, 2020

Cytokines and immune effector cell therapy.

Alexandra Haugh¹, Matthew J Frigault¹

¹Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology

|July 23, 2025

Summary

Cytokines are crucial for immune effector cell (IEC) therapy effectiveness and toxicities like CRS and ICANS. Understanding their role guides the development of safer and more potent cell-based treatments.

Keywords:

Adoptive cell therapy CAR-T CRS Cellular therapy Cytokines ICANS IEC-HS IL-1 IL-15 IL-6 IL-7 TCR TIL

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Polyfunctionality and Heterogeneity in Immune Responses

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Polyfunctionality and Heterogeneity in Immune Responses

Published on: March 8, 2024

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Published on: December 7, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Isolation and Expansion of Cytotoxic Cytokine-induced Killer T Cells for Cancer Treatment

Isolation and Expansion of Cytotoxic Cytokine-induced Killer T Cells for Cancer Treatment

Published on: January 24, 2020

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Polyfunctionality and Heterogeneity in Immune Responses

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Polyfunctionality and Heterogeneity in Immune Responses

Published on: March 8, 2024

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Published on: December 7, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Therapy
Oncology

Background:

Immune effector cell (IEC) therapies show promise but are associated with toxicities.
Cytokines are key mediators in both therapeutic efficacy and adverse events.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of cytokines in IEC therapy manufacturing and in vivo activity.
To discuss cytokine-driven toxicities and potential therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of cytokines in IEC manufacturing and function.
Analysis of cytokine roles in immune effector cell-associated toxicities (ICANS, CRS, IEC-HS).

Main Results:

Cytokines are integral to IEC expansion, activity, and toxicity.
Next-generation IECs may autonomously express cytokines.
Cytokine-targeting therapies are being explored for managing toxicities.

Conclusions:

Cytokines are critical determinants of IEC therapy outcomes.
Targeting cytokines offers a strategy to mitigate IEC-associated toxicities and enhance efficacy.