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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Augmenting Large Language Models via Vector Embeddings to Improve Domain-Specific Responsiveness
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Contextualizing ancient texts with generative neural networks.

Yannis Assael1, Thea Sommerschield2, Alison Cooley3

  • 1Google DeepMind, London, UK. yannisassael@google.com.

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|July 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new generative neural network, Aeneas, helps historians contextualize ancient inscriptions. This AI tool significantly improves research starting points and enhances tasks like text restoration and dating, advancing historical understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Humanities
  • Artificial Intelligence in History

Background:

  • Ancient inscriptions offer direct insights into historical civilizations.
  • Current digital methods for analyzing inscriptions are limited to literal matches and narrow scopes.
  • Historians rely on identifying textual parallels for contextualization, restoration, and attribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Aeneas, a generative neural network designed for contextualizing ancient texts.
  • To leverage AI for retrieving textual and contextual parallels, utilizing visual inputs, and restoring texts.
  • To advance the state-of-the-art in historical text analysis tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Development of Aeneas, a generative neural network for ancient text contextualization.
  • Integration of textual and visual data processing capabilities.
  • Evaluation through a large-scale study involving historians using Aeneas outputs.

Main Results:

  • Historians found Aeneas-retrieved parallels useful in 90% of cases, boosting confidence by 44%.
  • Aeneas-assisted historians outperformed humans and AI alone in restoration and geographical attribution.
  • Aeneas achieved a 13-year accuracy in dating inscriptions compared to ground-truth ranges.

Conclusions:

  • Aeneas significantly enhances historical research workflows by providing contextual parallels and aiding in text analysis.
  • The integration of AI with historical methods offers transformative tools for understanding the past.
  • Aeneas demonstrates the potential of AI to advance the study of ancient civilizations through inscription analysis.