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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Augmenting Large Language Models via Vector Embeddings to Improve Domain-Specific Responsiveness

Augmenting Large Language Models via Vector Embeddings to Improve Domain-Specific Responsiveness

Published on: December 6, 2024

Contextualizing ancient texts with generative neural networks.

Yannis Assael¹, Thea Sommerschield², Alison Cooley³

¹Google DeepMind, London, UK. yannisassael@google.com.

|July 23, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new generative neural network, Aeneas, helps historians contextualize ancient inscriptions. This AI tool significantly improves research starting points and enhances tasks like text restoration and dating, advancing historical understanding.

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Area of Science:

Digital Humanities
Artificial Intelligence in History

Background:

Ancient inscriptions offer direct insights into historical civilizations.
Current digital methods for analyzing inscriptions are limited to literal matches and narrow scopes.
Historians rely on identifying textual parallels for contextualization, restoration, and attribution.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce Aeneas, a generative neural network designed for contextualizing ancient texts.
To leverage AI for retrieving textual and contextual parallels, utilizing visual inputs, and restoring texts.
To advance the state-of-the-art in historical text analysis tasks.

Main Methods:

Development of Aeneas, a generative neural network for ancient text contextualization.
Integration of textual and visual data processing capabilities.
Evaluation through a large-scale study involving historians using Aeneas outputs.

Main Results:

Historians found Aeneas-retrieved parallels useful in 90% of cases, boosting confidence by 44%.
Aeneas-assisted historians outperformed humans and AI alone in restoration and geographical attribution.
Aeneas achieved a 13-year accuracy in dating inscriptions compared to ground-truth ranges.

Conclusions:

Aeneas significantly enhances historical research workflows by providing contextual parallels and aiding in text analysis.
The integration of AI with historical methods offers transformative tools for understanding the past.
Aeneas demonstrates the potential of AI to advance the study of ancient civilizations through inscription analysis.