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Exploring creative thinking skills in PISA: an ecological perspective on high-performing countries.

Sevinc Gelmez Burakgazi1,2, Michael J Reiss2

  • 1Department of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye.

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|July 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022 evaluated creative thinking in 15-year-olds globally. This study analyzes high-performing nations, using an ecological framework to understand factors influencing student creativity.

Keywords:
BronfenbrennerPISAcreative thinking skillscreativity awarenessecological systems theoryeducational policyinternational educational assessments

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Comparative Education

Background:

  • Creative thinking is increasingly central to global educational reforms.
  • The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022 included creative thinking as an innovation domain for the first time.
  • PISA 2022 assessed the capacity of 15-year-old students to generate, evaluate, and refine original ideas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine key findings from the PISA 2022 creative thinking assessment.
  • To analyze results from high-performing jurisdictions: Singapore, Canada, and Finland.
  • To apply Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective to understand systemic influences on creative thinking.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of PISA 2022 creative thinking data.
  • Application of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.
  • Qualitative examination of educational policies and practices in selected countries.

Main Results:

  • The ecological systems within Singapore, Canada, and Finland appear to influence their students' creative thinking outcomes.
  • Specific systemic factors contributing to high creative thinking performance were identified through the ecological lens.
  • Cross-jurisdictional analysis revealed diverse approaches to fostering creativity.

Conclusions:

  • While direct policy transfer is complex, insights can be gained from high-performing nations.
  • An ecological perspective offers a valuable framework for understanding and nurturing creative thinking.
  • Researchers, policymakers, and educators can benefit from studying these contexts to enhance creative development in diverse educational settings.