Glioblastoma in Puerto Rico: A 21-year population-based study

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive malignancy and the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with significant variations in incidence and outcomes across different populations. Despite extensive research in the United States (U.S.), there is limited data on GBM epidemiology in Puerto Rico, a U.S. commonwealth with a unique demographic and healthcare system. This study aims to provide the first comprehensive population-based analysis of GBM in Puerto Rico, focusing on incidence, demographics, and geographic distribution.

We performed a retrospective study of 1,423 GBM cases diagnosed in Puerto Rico from 2000 to 2020, including 1,334 cases with histopathologically confirmed diagnoses, utilizing data from the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry. Demographic, clinical, and geographic variables were analyzed to identify epidemiological patterns and treatment trends. Statistical analyses included age-adjusted incidence rates, temporal trends, and geolocation mapping.

The average age-adjusted incidence rate (AAAIR) of GBM in Puerto Rico was 1.78 per 100,000 people. The highest incidence was observed in the 65-74 age group (6.71 per 100,000). Municipalities such as Moca, Cayey, and San Sebastián exhibited the highest incidence rates, while Culebra reported no cases. A significant upward trend in GBM incidence was observed, with an annual percentage change (APC) of 4.85% (95% CI: 3.66%-6.04%).

This study highlights unique epidemiological patterns of GBM in Puerto Rico, including lower incidence rates compared to the U.S. mainland and significant geographic variations. The findings underscore the need for further research into environmental, genetic, and socioeconomic factors influencing GBM in this population.