Materials, mechanisms, and emerging applications of electrochromic systems

Electrochromic materials, capable of reversible color changes through electrochemical redox reactions, have garnered significant interest for diverse applications like smart windows, displays, and camouflage materials. However, their practical implementation hinges on tailoring material properties and dimensions to optimize device performance. This review critically examines the state-of-the-art in electrochromic technology, with a particular emphasis on the effects of material dimensionality and compositing strategies. We provide insights into various tunable approaches based on application requirements, enabling researchers to make informed choices for material combinations and dimensions. The review considers recent advancements, highlights major challenges and proposes potential future directions in the field. We discuss the prospects and trends in low-dimensional materials, such as nanostructures and two-dimensional (2D) materials, which offer unique opportunities for enhancing electrochromic properties and enabling new functionalities. Furthermore, we explore pathways towards commercialization, addressing the critical aspects of scalability, durability, and cost-effectiveness. By bridging the gap between fundamental research and practical applications, this review aims to stimulate further exploration and accelerate the development of next-generation electrochromic devices for a wide range of applications.