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ChatGPT-4 in Neurosurgery: Improving Patient Education Materials.

Aman Singh¹, Nithin Gupta², Derek L Chien¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester , New York , USA.

|July 24, 2025

Summary

Patient education materials for neurosurgery are often too complex. Large language models can rewrite these materials to an eighth-grade reading level, improving health literacy and patient understanding.

Keywords:

Artificial intelligence ChatGPT Health literacy Large language models Patient education materials

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Published on: November 19, 2017

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Health Literacy
Artificial Intelligence

Background:

Health literacy significantly impacts health outcomes, often more than demographic factors.
Current neurosurgical patient education materials (PEMs) may exceed the average American's reading comprehension.
Complex PEMs can hinder patient understanding and contribute to poor health literacy.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the readability of existing neurosurgical PEMs.
To determine if large language models (LLMs) can simplify these materials.
To improve patient understanding and health literacy through accessible educational content.

Main Methods:

Collected PEMs for common neurosurgical conditions (stroke, laminectomy, pituitary tumors, epilepsy, hydrocephalus) from top US hospitals.
Evaluated original PEMs using multiple readability metrics (Flesch Kincaid, Gunning Fog, etc.).
Utilized ChatGPT-4 to rewrite 25 PEMs to an eighth-grade reading level and reassessed readability.

Main Results:

Original PEMs demonstrated significantly higher reading difficulty than the target eighth-grade level across all assessed metrics.
Rewritten PEMs showed a significant decrease in reading difficulty (lower Flesch Reading Ease scores) compared to original materials.
Accuracy of the rewritten PEMs was validated.

Conclusions:

Neurosurgical PEMs from leading hospitals are often written above an average American's reading level.
LLM chatbots offer an efficient method for simplifying complex medical information.
Rewriting PEMs to a lower reading level enhances accessibility while preserving accuracy.