Sirtuins in mitophagy: key gatekeepers of mitochondrial quality

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles essential for cellular energy production. However, they are also a primary source of reactive oxygen species, making them particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage. To preserve mitochondrial integrity, cells employ quality control mechanisms such as mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy that targets damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria for degradation. Among the key regulators of mitophagy are the sirtuins, a family of NAD⁺-dependent deacetylases. SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6 generally promote mitophagy, whereas SIRT2, SIRT4, SIRT5, and SIRT7 often act as negative regulators. Sirtuin-mediated regulation of mitophagy is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and is implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to provide an overview focused on describing how sirtuins influence the mitophagy process. It highlights the different molecular mechanisms by which individual members of the sirtuin family modulate mitophagy, either by promoting or suppressing it, depending on the context. In addition, the review explores the relevance of sirtuin-regulated mitophagy in health and disease, emphasizing some conditions under which altered sirtuin activity could be harnessed for therapeutic benefit.