Impact of home-based multi-task exercise training on executive function and TNF/IL-10 ratio in postmenopausal women...

Diabetes, via chronic metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation, may impair immune function and contribute to cognitive decline, particularly in executive functions. In this study, we examined changes in the cytokines IL-10 and TNF, as well as their balance, alongside executive function, physical performance, and diabetes-related indices following a combined, dual-task, home-based exercise training program. A total of 85 inactive women aged 50-75 years with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to either an exercise training group or a control group. During the pre- and post-test phases, assessments were conducted in both groups to measure executive function, physical performance, levels of IL-10 and TNF, their ratio, and diabetes-related indices. The dual-tasked home-based exercise program improved physical performance and body composition (P < 0.05). Executive function significantly improved in the exercise group (Effect size (ES) = 0.44, P < 0.05), accompanied by reductions in IL-10 (ES = 1.11, P < 0.05) and TNF levels (ES = 0.76, P < 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in the balance of these two cytokines or diabetes-related indices (P > 0.05), except for HDL levels (ES = 0.87, P < 0.05). Based on the results of the present study, engaging in multi-task home-based exercise training can enhance executive function and reduce inflammatory cytokines in women with type 2 diabetes. However, this training did not significantly affect the balance between IL-10 and TNF, which may be due to the moderate intensity of the exercises. Further long-term studies that take into account additional factors-such as nutrition, medication use, and cognitive status-are warranted to gain a clearer understanding of the cytokine-modulating effects of dual-task exercise training in individuals with type 2 diabetes.