Electrochemical glucose sensors for detection of diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy necessitates continuous blood glucose monitoring, prompting the industry to develop affordable, rapid, and accurate glucose sensor devices, such as electrochemical glucose sensors, for clinical research. The domain of electrochemical glucose biosensing has undergone substantial expansion since the initial enzyme electrode was documented in 1962. The advancement of sensing platforms has been propelled by the creation of sophisticated nanostructures and their Nano-composites, including gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, carbon/graphene quantum dots, and chitosan hydrogel composites. These nanomaterials have enhanced the immobilization process and electrocatalytic activity for glucose. This review outlines the progression of glucose biosensing, with a focus on the application of nanostructures for glucose detection, both with and without the enzyme, in diabetic retinopathy. We investigate the historical development of biosensors, advancements in surface science to improve electron transfer, and the array of sensing platforms created utilizing nanomaterials.