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Sources and geographic differences in air releases of benzene in the United States

Najm Alsadat Madani1, Pasquale N Russo2, David O Carpenter1

  • 1Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, State University of New York, Pinebush Building, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA; Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Integrated Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Pinebush Building, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.

Environmental Research
|July 24, 2025
PubMed

Keywords:
Air pollutionCancerFrackingOil wellsVehicle exhaust

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Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling...
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In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
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