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Muscle-inspired elasto-electromagnetic mechanism in autonomous insect robots.

Changyu Xu^1,2, Yajun Cao^1,2, Jingyang Zhao¹

¹School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Nature Communications

|July 24, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new Elasto-Electromagnetic mechanism for soft robotics. This muscle-inspired actuator enables small robots to perform complex movements like crawling, swimming, and jumping with high efficiency and low voltage.

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Area of Science:

Robotics
Materials Science
Biomimetics

Background:

Biological muscles provide essential force and deformation for animal locomotion.
Conventional robotic systems often lack the adaptability of biological muscles.
Existing artificial muscles have limitations for onboard-powered small autonomous systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To present the Elasto-Electromagnetic mechanism for soft robotics.
To mimic biological muscle contraction using simple elastomeric materials.
To optimize actuation properties for small autonomous systems.

Main Methods:

Developed an electromagnetic actuation strategy tailored for soft robotics.
Structured simple elastomeric materials to mimic muscle features.
Integrated the mechanism into insect-scale soft robots.

Main Results:

Achieved significant output force (~210 N/kg) and large contraction ratio (up to 60%).
Demonstrated rapid response (60 Hz) and low-voltage operation (<4 volts).
Enabled autonomous crawling, swimming, and jumping in open-field environments.

Conclusions:

The Elasto-Electromagnetic mechanism enhances energy efficiency and functional capabilities of soft robots.
This muscle-inspired actuator expands autonomy for small-scale soft robots.
Potential applications include rescue operations and critical signal detection.