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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
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Lactate in Anaphylaxis: 100 Years On.

Elena Borzova1, Bernhard F Gibbs2

  • 1Dermatology Division, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan. elena-borzova@med.niigata-u.ac.jp.

Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
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Lactate, released during exercise, is elevated in anaphylaxis and impacts mast cell activation and vascular permeability. Further research is needed to fully understand lactate's role and potential as a biomarker in anaphylaxis.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Signaling

Background:

  • Lactate is a signaling molecule affecting tissue and cellular metabolism.
  • Exercise is a known factor in anaphylaxis, suggesting a role for exercise-induced lactate.
  • Mast cells (MCs) are key players in anaphylaxis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate evidence for lactate release from mast cells in anaphylaxis.
  • To explore lactate's relevance in the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis.
  • To assess lactate's potential as a biomarker for anaphylaxis.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro and in vivo studies.
  • Preclinical microdialysis.
  • Analysis of animal models and clinical data in anaphylaxis.

Main Results:

  • Lactate levels are significantly elevated in animal models and human patients with anaphylaxis.
  • Lactate is implicated in mast cell activation, vascular permeability, and gastrointestinal dysfunction during anaphylaxis.
  • Lactate is not currently considered a direct biomarker for anaphylaxis.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate is relevant to multiple aspects of anaphylaxis pathophysiology.
  • Lactate's role in anaphylaxis requires further elucidation, including metabolic state, release kinetics, and bioenergetics.
  • Lactate's properties suggest potential for future biomarker development in anaphylaxis.