Apteranthes tuberculata's Antidiabetic Potential: Exploring Phytochemicals, Screening Antioxidant Activity, and...

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects an increasing number of people worldwide, frequently managed with synthetic drugs that have side effects and can be costly. Apteranthes tuberculata (N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede, a plant with traditional medicinal use in Pakistan to treat diabetes, but its antidiabetic potential has not been scientifically validated. This research assessed the phytochemicals, antioxidant properties, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activity of A. tuberculata's methanolic extract. The extract was assessed through in vitro antioxidant assays, DPP-4 inhibition test, and metabolomic analysis via Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The study used computational tools to visualize compound structures, protein-ligand interactions, and to measure pharmacokinetic parameters. Phytochemical analysis revealed significant levels of total phenols (71.991 ± 0.78 mg/g gallic acid equivalents) and flavonoids (66.216 ± 0.09 mg/g quercetin equivalents). Results showed a robust total antioxidant capacity (70.900 ± 2 mg/g ascorbic acid), total reducing power (72.000 ± 2.00 mg/g gallic acid equivalents), and DPPH IC₅₀ value of 96.54 μg/mL. FTIR spectra showed the presence of carbohydrates and glycosides. The extract exhibited 70% DPP-4 inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ value = 46.761 ± 0.043 μg/mL), comparable to Sitagliptin at 78% (IC₅₀ value = 20.474 ± 0.407 μg/mL). LC-MS identified 24 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and glycosides, with compounds like Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside and Kaempferol-7-O-rutinoside showing strong binding interactions with DPP-4. These results underscore the therapeutic potential of A. tuberculata as a natural source of DPP-4 inhibitors for managing diabetes.