Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review.

Area of Science:

• Hepatology
• Oncology
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global cancer with rising incidence, particularly in the US.
• Traditionally linked to viral hepatitis B and C, HCC etiology is shifting towards metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and alcohol-related liver disease.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
• To cover HCC etiology, surveillance, diagnostics, molecular features, and treatment modalities.
• To highlight the evolving epidemiological landscape and the need for updated strategies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of current research on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
• Analysis of epidemiological trends and risk factors.
• Synthesis of information on diagnostic and therapeutic advancements.

Main Results:

• HCC incidence is rising globally, with a notable increase in the US.
• Etiology is shifting, with MASLD and alcohol-related liver disease becoming more prominent risk factors.
• Advances in systemic therapies like immune checkpoint inhibitors are transforming HCC management.

Conclusions:

• Effective HCC management requires a multidisciplinary approach and personalized medicine strategies.
• Improved surveillance and early detection are critical due to changing risk factors.
• Ongoing research into molecular classifications and biomarkers is essential for advancing precision medicine in HCC.