Berberine as a Bioactive Alkaloid: Multi-Omics Perspectives on Its Role in Obesity Management

Berberine, a bioactive isoquinoline alkaloid derived from medicinal plants such as Berberis and Coptis species, shows significant promise for managing obesity and associated metabolic disorders. This review synthesizes evidence on its modulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, gut microbiota composition, lipid metabolism, and adipokine networks, elucidating how these actions converge to suppress adipogenesis and improve insulin sensitivity. Metabolomic profiling reveals critical shifts in bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid production, and mitochondrial function. Recent studies also highlight berberine's anti-inflammatory effects and regulatory influence on glucose homeostasis. Despite its promise, challenges in oral bioavailability and drug interactions necessitate the development of advanced delivery strategies. We further discuss nanoformulations and multi-omics approaches, which integrate data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, provide new insights into berberine's mechanisms, and may guide personalized therapeutic applications. While promising, further studies are needed to validate these findings in humans and translate them into effective clinical strategies.