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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...
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Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

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Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
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Third-Phase Formation in Rare Earth Element Extraction with D2EHPA: Key Factors and Impact on Liquid Membrane

Raquel Rodríguez Varela1, Alexandre Chagnes2, Kerstin Forsberg1

  • 1KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Teknikringen 42, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.

Membranes
|July 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Third-phase formation in hollow fibre renewal liquid membranes (HFRLMs) during rare earth element (REE) extraction with D2EHPA can be mitigated. Optimizing feed composition and using specific diluents and additives like tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) prevents membrane fouling.

Keywords:
D2EHPAhollow fibre renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM)limiting organic concentration (LOC)rare earth elementsthird-phase formation

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Hydrometallurgy

Background:

  • Hollow fibre renewal liquid membranes (HFRLMs) are crucial for rare earth element (REE) extraction.
  • Third-phase formation using bis(2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid) (D2EHPA) can impede HFRLM efficiency.
  • Understanding factors influencing third-phase formation is vital for process optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of aqueous feed and organic phase compositions on third-phase formation.
  • To determine the limiting organic concentration (LOC) of REE(III) in D2EHPA.
  • To identify strategies for preventing third-phase formation in HFRLM processes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic variation of REE concentrations and pH in the aqueous feed.
  • Analysis of organic phase composition, including diluent type and D2EHPA concentration.
  • Evaluation of the effect of modifiers, specifically tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP).

Main Results:

  • Increased REE concentrations and higher pH led to reduced mass transfer.
  • Yttrium exhibited a higher tendency to induce third-phase formation compared to other REEs.
  • Linear aliphatic diluents, low D2EHPA concentrations (5-10 v/v%), and absence of modifiers favored third-phase formation.

Conclusions:

  • Third-phase formation is influenced by feed phase parameters and organic phase composition.
  • Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) effectively mitigates third-phase formation without synergistic effects.
  • Formulation strategies can be developed to prevent third-phase formation in D2EHPA-based HFRLM systems for REE extraction.