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Updated: Sep 13, 2025
Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy
Published on: August 9, 2024
Exploratory Evaluation for Functional Changes of Six-Month Systematic Non-Invasive Electrical Stimulation in a
Tina P Torabi1, Kristian Mortensen1, Josephine S Michelsen1
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaards Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
Background/Objectives:
Spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP) can impair motor-related functions. The objective of this exploratory, prospective study was to examine if transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in a whole-body suit leads to changes in spasticity and other related effects.
Methods:
Thirty-one children with CP GMFCS III-V, with a median age of 11.0 years (age range of 7-17 years), were consecutively included, and they used the suit with TENS for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was spasticity measured using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Functional motor-related tasks were evaluated by the Goal Attainment Scale (SMART GAS). The Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS), passive Range of Motion (pROM), GMFM-66, and Posture and Postural Ability Scale (PPAS) assessments were performed.
Results:
Seventeen subjects (17/31) completed the 24 weeks. Dropout was due to difficulty in donning the suit. The level of overall spasticity, most pronounced in the proximal arms and legs, was reduced according to the MAS, but not the MTS or pROM. Subject-relevant motor-related goals improved significantly in standing/walking and hand/arm function. Changes in the GMFM-66 and PPAS were not significant.
Conclusions:
Although there were statistically significant but underpowered changes in the MAS after 24 weeks, there were no clinically relevant effects. Exploratorily, we found observer-reliant motor-related functional improvements, which, however, we were unable to detect when trying to quantify them. Donning the suit led to dropout throughout the study. Caregivers need to allocate time, mental capacity and have the physical skill set for donning the suit for long-term use.
