Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Kinetic Investigations in Viscous Deep Eutectic Solvents: Identifying...

Determining heterogeneous electrochemical electron transfer (ET) kinetics in electrolytes with a wide range of physical properties is of great interest for achieving high-performance redox flow batteries. Among such electrolytes, concentrated hydrogen-bonded electrolytes (CoHBEs), including deep eutectic solvents (DESs), have recently garnered significant attention. Unfortunately, traditional Tafel analysis using macroelectrodes often encounters issues with mass transfer limitations in CoHBEs with high viscosities, thereby restricting kinetic analysis to a narrow potential window. Here, we introduce a methodology for evaluating ET kinetics in viscous DES using the scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). We first determined practical solutions to SECM tip positioning in ethaline DES, which yield pseudopositive feedback responses. Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) simulations helped us rationalize the impact of the fluid and concentration fields, as well as tip geometry, tip approach velocity v, and the solvent viscosity η_s, on the shape of the approach curves. In addition to successfully recreating approach curves over a variety of conditions, we found that approaching a conductor ensured a practical point where the normalized tip response (Ni_T = 2) converged at L = 0.7 within ∼10% error regardless of tip velocity. With positioning capabilities at hand, we investigated the kinetics of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ redox couple in aqueous and the ethaline media. The experimental kinetic results were interpreted using the Butler-Volmer (BV) and Marcus-Hush-Chidsey (MHC) models. For ethaline, a nonideal kinetic behavior was observed, potentially attributed to solvent dynamics within DESs or to the interplay of chloride anions in the charge transfer process.