What motivates people with cancer to eat? A qualitative study grounded in self-determination theory

To explore eating motivation in individuals undergoing cancer treatment based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT).

A qualitative study was conducted using focus groups involving 17 patients undergoing treatment and 6 oncology professionals. The group narratives were grounded in SDT and analyzed through directed content analysis.

Data analysis revealed six theory-based themes: amotivation, external motivation, introjected motivation, identified motivation, integrated motivation, and intrinsic motivation. Amotivation for eating was regulated by the side effects of medications used in cancer treatment. Many patients exhibited controlled motivation for eating (external and introjected), influenced by peers, media, and the biomedical and medicalized model, following dietary guidelines from oncology professionals, pleasing peers, and dealing with various emotions related to the illness process. Moderately autonomous motivations (identified and integrated) were observed and related to coping with the disease and treatment, improving health, survival, and enjoying life. Motivational internalization (intrinsic) was associated with the pleasure of eating. The various motivational regulations found demonstrated that eating motivation is dynamic during cancer treatment, coexisting within the same behavior and changing according to psychological and socio-environmental contexts.

Various motivational eating experiences were identified in individuals undergoing cancer treatment using qualitative methods supported by SDT (amotivation, controlled motivation, and autonomous motivation). Understanding these motivations is essential for promoting food autonomy, planning, and disseminating care strategies that align with these individuals' needs.