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Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

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Reduced dimensionality, elevated tolerance? A perspective on 2D materials for fusion diagnostics.

Maciej Jan Szary¹, Semir El-Ahmar¹, Rafał Prokopowicz²

¹Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|July 25, 2025

Summary

Two-dimensional (2D) materials like graphene show promise for radiation-hardened electronics. Reducing material dimensionality mitigates radiation damage, enabling sensors to withstand extreme environments like fusion reactors.

Keywords:

2D materials Hall sensors fusion reactor environments neutron radiation radiation tolerance

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Materials science
Sensor technology

Background:

High-energy particle radiation environments pose challenges for diagnostic technologies.
Fusion energy development requires resilient magnetic sensors for intense neutron flux.
Conventional materials face operational limits under extreme radiation intensities.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential of reduced dimensionality in materials for radiation tolerance.
To investigate graphene-based sensors in high-fluence neutron radiation environments.
To identify challenges and future directions for radiation-resistant electronics.

Main Methods:

Examining radiation-induced degradation through the lens of condensed matter physics.
Proposing reduced dimensionality (2D systems) to suppress collision cascades and defect accumulation.
Deploying and analyzing graphene-based Hall sensors in fast-neutron-radiation environments.

Main Results:

Graphene-based Hall sensors sustained fluence levels up to 2 × 10^18 n/cm^2 with negligible structural damage.
Relative defect concentration in graphene remained below 0.01%.
Graphene demonstrates potential as a neutron-radiation-resistant electronic material.

Conclusions:

Reduced dimensionality, particularly 2D systems, offers a promising pathway for radiation-tolerant sensor platforms.
Graphene-based electronics show potential for surviving extreme radiation environments where conventional materials fail.
Further research is needed on ultimate neutron fluence tolerance and substrate interaction effects in 2D/3D heterostructures.