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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants
Published on: February 10, 2023
Occurrence, sources, and human health risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in herbal medicinal
Chukwujindu M A Iwegbue1, Jane Oghenevwogaga2, Grace E Obi-Iyeke3
1Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Advanced Research Centre, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
Abstract:
In this study, the concentrations of thirty-nine (39) polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were evaluated in orally applied herbal medicinal preparations (HMPs) in Nigeria. The PBDEs were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Σ39 PBDE concentrations in the HMPs varied from 2.00 to 313 ng g-1 with a mean concentration of 55.6 ng g-1. The homologue distribution patterns in the HMPs indicated dominance of low brominated PBDEs such as mono-, di-, and tri-PBDEs, which reflected the prevalence of plant-metabolized and processing method-mediated debromination products of PBDEs. The results for the risk assessment indicated that the use of the HMPs for treating medical conditions does not pose any lifetime carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risks.
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