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Related Concept Videos

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Amino Acid Catabolism

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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Redox Reactions01:27

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
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Host-microbe interactions in NAD+ metabolism.

Xiaoyue Wu1, Igor Shats1, Xiaoling Li1

  • 1Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.

Trends in Molecular Medicine
|July 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism is key for health. New research explores how gut microbes influence NAD+ levels, offering potential new therapies for aging, cancer, and metabolic diseases.

Keywords:
anticancer therapydeamidated NAD(+) biosynthesisdietary NAD(+) precursorsgut microbiota

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Microbiology
  • Metabolic Health

Background:

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is vital for cellular energy and DNA repair.
  • Dysregulation of NAD+ metabolism is linked to aging, cancer, and metabolic disorders.
  • The gut microbiome's role in host NAD+ metabolism is an emerging area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding host-microbiome interactions affecting NAD+ metabolism.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of modulating these interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on NAD+ metabolism and the gut microbiome.
  • Analysis of research linking microbial metabolites to host NAD+ levels.
  • Synthesis of findings on therapeutic interventions targeting the host-microbiome-NAD+ axis.

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiome significantly influences host NAD+ availability through various metabolic pathways.
  • Specific bacterial species and their metabolites can either deplete or enhance host NAD+ levels.
  • Modulating the microbiome offers a novel approach to normalizing NAD+ metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Host-microbiome interactions are critical regulators of NAD+ metabolism.
  • Targeting these interactions presents promising therapeutic avenues for age-related and metabolic diseases.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate and exploit these pathways for clinical benefit.