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Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
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Characterization of Universal Composite Resin Filler Particles.

Jorge Perdigão1, Fernanda P Zatt2, Guilherme C Lopes2

  • 1Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry : Official Publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [Et Al.]
|July 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis revealed varied filler particle morphology and mass fraction in universal composite resins. Measured filler content often disagreed with manufacturer claims, highlighting material variability.

Keywords:
dental materialsscanning electron microscopy (SEM)thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)universal composite resins

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology in Dentistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Universal composite resins (CRs) are widely used in restorative dentistry.
  • Understanding their filler composition is crucial for predicting performance.
  • Existing literature provides manufacturer-reported filler wt% that may not reflect actual content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize filler particle morphology and distribution in universal CRs using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
  • To determine the residual filler mass fraction (filler wt%) using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).
  • To compare measured filler wt% with values reported in the literature.

Main Methods:

  • Seven universal CRs and two control CRs were analyzed.
  • Filler particles were isolated after dissolving CRs in acetone.
  • SEM was used to examine particle size and distribution (×5000–×80,000).
  • TGA was performed by heating CRs to 1000°C to determine residual filler mass.

Main Results:

  • SEM revealed diverse filler distributions: monomodal (OM), bimodal (EO, EU, FU, ST, VO, EM), and trimodal (CO, SS).
  • Particle shapes varied, with irregular large particles (>2 μm) in CO, EU, ST, VO, and nanoparticle clusters in EM, FU, SS.
  • Measured filler wt% ranged from 66.27% (EU) to 78.28% (VO), with significant discrepancies from literature values for most materials, notably EU (-18.2%).

Conclusions:

  • Filler particle size and distribution differ significantly among universal composite resins.
  • Materials from the same manufacturer (EO/OM, EM/FU) showed similar filler characteristics.
  • The measured filler wt% frequently contradicted reported literature values, indicating potential inaccuracies in material characterization or reporting.