Sleep Disturbances and Dietary Habits in Autism: A Comparative Analysis

This study investigates dietary patterns and sleep quality in children and adolescents on the autism spectrum, compared to non-autistic peers. It explores the relationship between dietary habits and sleep quality, aiming to identify modifiable factors that could enhance well-being in ASD individuals. A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted with 158 participants on the autism spectrum and 77 non-autistic individuals aged 6-17 years in Spain. Dietary patterns were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, while sleep quality was measured with the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ-SP) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Statistical analyses, including non-parametric tests and Spearman's correlation, were performed to examine differences and associations. Children on the autism spectrum displayed higher sugar intake and lower consumption of fruits and vegetables compared to non-autistic peers. ASD adolescents consumed more sugary beverages, with less pronounced differences in other food categories. Sleep quality was significantly poorer in the ASD group across all age cohorts, characterized by increased sleep latency, parasomnias, and daytime dysfunction. Positive associations were found between fruit and vegetable intake and improved sleep quality in ASD children. Unexpectedly, adolescents on the autism spectrum showed a complex relationship between sugar consumption and sleep quality, indicating potential short-term benefits but long-term risks. This study highlights the interplay between diet and sleep quality in ASD populations. Interventions promoting healthier eating habits, such as increased fruit and vegetable intake and reduced sugar consumption, could improve sleep outcomes and overall well-being in this vulnerable population.