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This review explores RNA regulatory elements for enhancing plant biotechnology. Understanding RNA structures is key to improving plant traits and protein production through genetic engineering.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • RNA regulatory elements, including cis- and trans-acting factors, are crucial for engineering plants with improved traits and efficient heterologous protein production.
  • The functionality of these RNA elements is dictated by both their nucleotide sequence and their dynamic higher-order structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review RNA regulatory elements with current or potential applications in plant biotechnology.
  • To discuss RNA elements involved in translational control, transcript stability, protein coproduction, conditional expression, RNA decay, and cap-independent initiation.
  • To highlight RNA elements applicable in both in planta (transiently/stably transformed plants) and in vitro plant-based expression systems, as well as those relevant to plastid gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of established and emerging RNA regulatory elements.
  • Analysis of RNA element function based on sequence and higher-order structure.
  • Categorization of RNA elements by their roles in gene expression and biotechnology applications.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse RNA elements controlling translation, stability, and expression in plants.
  • Highlighted applications in transformed plants and in vitro systems, including plastid gene expression.
  • Examined RNA elements with potential future applications, drawing from other organisms and areas needing further research.

Conclusions:

  • RNA regulatory elements are versatile tools for advancing plant biotechnology.
  • Further research into RNA structure-function relationships will unlock new applications in crop improvement and biomanufacturing.
  • Strategic engineering of RNA elements offers significant potential for optimizing plant gene expression and function.