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Optimal exercise interventions for enhancing cognitive function in older adults: a network meta-analysis.

Han Han1, Jinhao Zhang2, Fan Zhang3

  • 1Department of Police Physical Education, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing, China.

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
|July 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Different exercise types benefit specific cognitive functions in older adults. Resistance training boosts overall cognition, mind-body exercise enhances executive function, and aerobic exercise improves memory, aiding healthy aging.

Keywords:
aerobic exercisecognitive functionexecutive functionexercisemind-body exercisenetwork meta-analysisolder adultsresistance training

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Cognitive decline is a major concern for aging populations.
  • Exercise offers cognitive benefits, but optimal modalities and protocols are unclear.
  • This study compares exercise types for cognitive health in older adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare five exercise modalities (resistance, aerobic, mind-body, multicomponent, HIIT) for cognitive effects in healthy older adults.
  • To identify optimal intervention protocols and subgroups benefiting most from exercise.
  • To systematically analyze effects on global cognition, executive function, and memory.

Main Methods:

  • Network meta-analysis of 58 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 4,349 participants.
  • Searched major databases for RCTs on exercise interventions for cognitive outcomes in adults aged 60+.
  • Assessed effects on global cognition, executive function (inhibitory control, task-switching, working memory), and memory, with subgroup analyses.

Main Results:

  • Resistance training showed the most improvement in global cognitive function (SMD=0.55) and inhibitory control.
  • Mind-body exercise was most effective for task-switching (SMD=-0.58) and working memory (SMD=2.45).
  • Aerobic exercise was most effective for memory function (SMD=0.42); benefits were greatest in those aged 65-75 and in Asian studies.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise modalities offer domain-specific cognitive benefits for healthy aging.
  • Personalized exercise prescriptions are recommended: resistance for global cognition, mind-body for executive function, aerobic for memory.
  • Findings support integrating structured exercise into aging and dementia prevention strategies.