Advances in the Detection and Management of Vulnerable Coronary Plaques

Efforts to enhance risk stratification in patients with coronary artery disease have driven the pursuit of early detection of rupture-prone plaques-before destabilization and the onset of life-threatening thrombosis-giving rise to the concept of the vulnerable plaque (VP). Invasive diagnostic modalities closely mirror histology and provide instrumental information on VP hallmarks and their prognostic significance. However, limited positive predictive value and invasive nature restrict their use for systematic screening. Noninvasive techniques offer broader application potential, but their specificity and resolution remain inferior to those of invasive techniques. A deeper understanding of the complex interplay between traditional ischemic risk factors, anatomic settings, rheological effects and systemic influences contributing to plaque evolution and rupture has refined our approach to identifying and managing VPs. Systemic therapies have been shown to counteract plaque progression and stabilize VPs by thickening the fibrous cap, decreasing atheroma and necrotic core volumes, and reducing inflammation. In parallel, the hypothesis of sealing and passivating VPs by intravascular imaging-guided preventive stenting is gaining support after the promising results of clinical trials and substantial advances in contemporary device performance and biocompatibility. Upcoming evidence will be instrumental in defining the net benefit of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for VPs.