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Artificial Intelligence Is Stereotypically Linked More with Socially Dominant Groups in Natural Language
Zixi Wang1,2, Haodong Xia1,2, Han Wu Shuang Bao3
1State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|July 28, 2025
Summary
Artificial intelligence (AI) is perceived as highly competent but is disproportionately associated with advantaged social groups. This bias may reinforce existing societal inequalities and create an "AI divide."
Area of Science:
- Social Psychology
- Artificial Intelligence Studies
- Sociology of Technology
Background:
- Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial societal role, yet its social representation is under-researched.
- Understanding public perception of AI is vital for equitable societal integration.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the social representation of AI, specifically its associations with warmth and competence.
- To examine AI's connections with socially advantaged versus disadvantaged demographic groups.
- To analyze AI's perceived impact on high- versus low-prestige occupations.
Main Methods:
- Utilized language-based analyses with static word embeddings, BERT, and GPT-4o across four studies.
- Incorporated human-participant experiment validation for robust findings.
- Applied the stereotype content model to assess warmth-competence dimensions.
Main Results:
- AI is strongly linked to high competence, with variable warmth associations.
- AI demonstrates closer semantic links to advantaged demographic groups (e.g., men, white, rich).
- High-prestige occupations are more strongly associated with AI's benefits than low-prestige ones.
Conclusions:
- Public perception of AI is systematically biased towards socially dominant groups.
- This bias may exacerbate existing social inequalities.
- Findings highlight concerns regarding an emerging
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