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Updated: Sep 13, 2025
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Probing Structural and Dynamic Properties of Trafficking Subcellular Nanostructures by Spatiotemporal Fluctuation Spectroscopy
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ISG-15, beyond its functions in the cell: a mini review.
Mudassir S Ali1,2, Yun Sang Tang3,4, Horace Hok Yeung Lee5
1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|July 28, 2025
Summary
Extracellular interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) plays a key role in immune responses during infections. Understanding its secretion and receptor interactions could lead to new therapies for diseases.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Molecular Biology
- Virology
Background:
- Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein traditionally involved in intracellular ISGylation.
- Recent research highlights extracellular ISG15's novel functions, particularly during viral infections.
- ISG15 secretion can be triggered by various stimuli, including viral and bacterial infections.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review mechanisms of extracellular ISG15 secretion and function.
- To focus on ISG15's immunomodulatory effects during infection.
- To explore species-specific differences in ISG15 roles.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing studies on ISG15 secretion and function.
- Analysis of viral protein and de-ISGylating enzyme influence on ISG15 levels.
- Comparison of extracellular ISG15 roles in mice and humans.
Main Results:
- Extracellular ISG15 interacts with the integrin receptor LFA-1.
- Viral proteins and de-ISGylating enzymes modulate ISG15 secretion and immunomodulatory potential.
- Significant differences exist in extracellular ISG15 functions between mice and humans.
Conclusions:
- Mechanisms regulating ISG15 secretion and receptor interactions require further elucidation.
- Species-specific research is crucial for understanding ISG15's diverse roles.
- Targeting extracellular ISG15 may offer therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases, cancer, and inflammation.
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