A review of the extraction technologies, structural characterization, chemical modification, and pharmacological...

Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a medicinal and edible fungal material with a long history. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs), as one of the primary bioactive components in GL, exhibit multiple pharmacological effects including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory activities. While the monosaccharide composition and structural characteristics of GLPs are influenced by extraction methods and chemical modifications, the relationship between their structural features and bioactivities remains unclear. This review summarizes recent advances in the extraction, preparation, structural analysis, chemical modification, emerging technologies, and clinical applications of GLPs, providing insights for further exploration and elucidation of their structure-activity relationships. Additionally, the pharmacological potential of GLPs is systematically reviewed, highlighting their promising applications in pharmaceutical development and functional food innovation. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable references for advancing the utilization of GLPs in medicinal and nutraceutical fields.