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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

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Risk Factors and Comorbidities Associated With Vitamin B12 Deficiency in an Adult Population.

Alexandra Lane1,2, Lucinda Lau1, Christy Alhannat1

  • 1Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health
|July 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin B12 deficiency (B12D) is linked to numerous health conditions and demographic factors. Younger age, female sex, and certain comorbidities like anemia and cognitive disorders are significantly associated with B12D.

Keywords:
causes of vitamin B12 deficiencycobalamin deficiencycomorbidities with B12 deficiencyrisk factors of B12 deficiencyvitamin B12 deficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Nutritional Science
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency (B12D) presents with diverse risk factors and comorbidities.
  • Current guidelines for screening at-risk populations are lacking.
  • Identifying these associations is crucial for proactive patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the risk factors and comorbidities associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency in an adult population.
  • To provide data that may inform future screening guidelines for B12D.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of adult patients within a large urban tertiary healthcare system from 2011 to 2020.
  • Comparison of variables between patients diagnosed with B12D and those without the deficiency (NoB12D).

Main Results:

  • Patients with B12D were significantly younger than the NoB12D group.
  • Higher associations with B12D included female sex, Black and Hispanic races, recreational drug use, and numerous comorbidities (e.g., anemia, cognitive disorders, gastrointestinal issues, respiratory diseases).
  • Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was also linked to increased odds of B12D.

Conclusions:

  • Younger age, female sex, minority races, and specific medical conditions are associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • Comorbidities such as anemia, neurological, cognitive, and gastrointestinal disorders significantly increase the risk.
  • Medication use, including PPIs and NSAIDs, is also a notable associated factor.