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    Area of Science:

    • Animal behavior
    • Evolutionary biology
    • Sexual selection

    Background:

    • Ornamental traits signal quality, influencing mating success and fitness.
    • Ornament expression is condition-dependent and sensitive to inbreeding.
    • Kin selection theory suggests relatedness affects ornament expression.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of inbreeding and relatedness on male ornamental color expression in Pelvicachromis taeniatus during competition.
    • To examine dynamic color changes in response to social environment and genetic relatedness.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental groups (trios) of Pelvicachromis taeniatus were established as either inbred or outbred.
    • Each trio comprised two unfamiliar brothers and one unfamiliar unrelated male.
    • Carotenoid-based yellow coloration (chromaticity) of ventral body and caudal fin was measured during competition for breeding sites.

    Main Results:

    • Outbred males exhibited significantly more intense yellow coloration than inbred males.
    • Related males displayed more intense caudal fin coloration post-competition compared to unrelated males.
    • These findings indicate inbreeding depression affects male ornament expression.

    Conclusions:

    • Inbreeding depression negatively impacts male ornamental traits in Pelvicachromis taeniatus.
    • Positive kin selection effects were observed, influencing ornament expression based on relatedness.
    • Environmental factors and genetic relatedness contribute to phenotypic variation in animal ornaments.