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Advanced satellite-based remote sensing and data analytics for precision water resource management and agricultural
Awais Ali1, Muhammad Yousuf Jat Baloch2, Muhammad Naveed1
1Department of Geography, Government Graduate College Gojra, Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan.
Scientific Reports
|July 28, 2025
Summary
Irrigated land in South Africa
Area of Science:
- Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis
- Environmental Science and Sustainability
- Agricultural Water Management
Background:
- South Africa's North West Province faces challenges in agricultural sustainability and water resource management.
- Monitoring irrigated land dynamics is crucial for understanding land-use changes and water stress.
- Climate change and urbanization are increasing pressure on arable land and water resources.
Purpose of the Study:
- To integrate remote sensing indices (WRI, NDCI), LULC mapping, and CA-Markov modeling to monitor irrigated land.
- To analyze temperature fluctuations and their impact on irrigation demands from 2016-2023.
- To predict future irrigated land scenarios and identify drivers of agricultural decline.
Main Methods:
- Utilized high-resolution (30m) satellite imagery for spatial and temporal analysis.
- Applied Water Ratio Index (WRI) and Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index (NDCI) to assess water stress and vegetation health.
- Employed Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) mapping and Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) modeling for land-use change analysis and prediction.
Main Results:
- Significant decline in irrigated lands (25,732 km² to 24,322 km²) and expansion of urban areas (4,146 km² to 6,581 km²).
- CA-Markov model predicts further agricultural loss by 2033, with barren land dominating and water bodies shrinking.
- Decreasing WRI values (0.40 to 0.28) and rising summer temperatures (up to 35.99°C) indicate increasing water stress and evapotranspiration.
Conclusions:
- Institutional barriers (biased subsidies, poor infrastructure) and climate extremes drive irrigation decline.
- The integrated CA-Markov, WRI, and temperature trend analysis offers a robust framework for adaptive land-use planning.
- Stakeholder engagement and technology adoption are vital for mitigating climate impacts and ensuring food-water security in semi-arid regions.
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