Clinical Insights into Risk Factors for Infantile Hemangioma and Propranolol Treatment Outcomes

Background/Objectives: Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a common vascular tumor in neonates, influenced by multiple prenatal and perinatal factors. This study aimed to identify risk factors in both infants and mothers, assess their link to clinical characteristics and severity, and evaluate treatment outcomes when systemic propranolol therapy was administered. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study analyzing 43 infants under 12 months, including 11 neonates (<28 days) diagnosed with IH. Maternal and neonatal factors, diagnostic timelines, clinical presentation, and treatment efficacy were examined. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, focusing on gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, and the Infantile Hemangioma Referral Score (IHReS). Results: The study found a female predominance and a correlation between IH and pre-term birth (50%) and low birth weight (<2760 g, 51.16%). Maternal anemia (23%) and gestational hypertension (9%) were present in the cohort, but no statistical association with IH severity was found. A significant number (44.18%) were diagnosed within the first two weeks postpartum. The IHReS was inversely correlated with Apgar scores, with newborns scoring above 8 having a lower IHReS. Treatment with propranolol (1-3 mg/kg/day) was highly effective, resulting in significant lesion regression in most patients. Mild complications included sleep disturbances (12%) and diarrhea (9%). The most affected areas were the face/eyelid (32.55%), limbs (18.6%), and anterior thorax. Additionally, 42% of cases had an IHReS above 4, with multiple hemangiomas increasing severity. Conclusions: IH was common in pre-term and low-birth-weight infants, whereas the maternal comorbidities observed in this small cohort did not show a definitive association, underscoring the need for controlled studies. Early diagnosis, risk stratification, and timely propranolol therapy are crucial in achieving favorable outcomes. Further research is needed to assess long-term effects and evaluate risks of treatment rebound.