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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Orbitofrontal Cortex Enhances Self-Reported Confidence but Reduces

Daniele Saccenti1, Andrea Stefano Moro1,2, Gianmarco Salvetti1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, 20143 Milan, Italy.

Biomedicines
|July 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) impaired metacognitive sensitivity. This suggests the OFC plays a key role in evaluating decision-making performance and self-awareness.

Keywords:
accuracyconfidencedecision-makingmetacognitive sensitivityorbitofrontal cortex (OFC)transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Metacognition, the ability to reflect on and regulate one's thinking, has poorly understood neural underpinnings.
  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a candidate region for metacognition due to its roles in reward evaluation, decision-making, and self-monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) involvement in metacognition.
  • To examine how modulating OFC activity impacts metacognitive sensitivity and decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied to the left OFC in participants performing a confidence-rated two-alternative forced choice task.
  • Metacognitive sensitivity was assessed, alongside perceptual accuracy, delay discounting, and metacognitive beliefs via questionnaires.

Main Results:

  • Anodal tDCS over the left OFC significantly reduced metacognitive sensitivity compared to sham stimulation.
  • Perceptual decision-making accuracy remained unaffected by the stimulation.
  • Real stimulation led to increased self-reported confidence, and metacognitive sensitivity correlated with negative beliefs about thinking.

Conclusions:

  • The OFC is implicated in processing second-order judgments about decision-making performance.
  • OFC overstimulation may contribute to metacognitive deficits observed in clinical conditions affecting self-assessment.